Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type IV (HTLV-IV) is a retrovirus that belongs to the family Retroviridae and the genus Deltaretrovirus. It is closely related to Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type III (HTLV-III), also known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HTLV-IV is primarily transmitted through contact with contaminated blood, unprotected sexual activity, or from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.
HTLV-IV infects CD4+ T cells, which are a type of white blood cell crucial for a functional immune system. Once inside the host, it integrates its genetic material into the DNA of infected cells, where it can remain latent or replicate to produce new viral particles. Similar to HIV, HTLV-IV weakens the immune system by progressively destroying CD4+ T cells, making individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.
The symptoms and progression of HTLV-IV infection can vary significantly between individuals. Some infected individuals may remain asymptomatic carriers for an extended period, while others may experience symptoms similar to HIV infection, such as weight loss, fatigue, and recurrent infections. However, research on HTLV-IV is limited, and its pathogenicity and clinical significance are still under investigation.
Currently, there is no specific treatment or vaccine to prevent HTLV-IV infection. Prevention strategies focus on avoiding the transmission routes through safe sex practices, blood screening, and the use of sterile needles. Public health efforts also aim to raise awareness about HTLV-IV, particularly in regions where it is prevalent, in order to reduce transmission rates and minimize the impact of the virus on affected populations.
