Adrenal cortical adenomas refer to benign tumors that develop in the outer part of the adrenal glands, known as the adrenal cortex. These tumors arise from the abnormal growth of the cortex cells, which normally produce important hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.
Adrenal cortical adenomas are typically small in size, measuring less than 5 centimeters in diameter. They are most commonly discovered incidentally during medical imaging exams performed for unrelated conditions or symptoms. While these tumors are generally noncancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body, they can still cause hormonal imbalances and disrupt the normal functioning of the adrenal glands.
The symptoms associated with adrenal cortical adenomas depend on the specific hormones secreted by the tumor. For instance, tumors producing excessive cortisol can lead to weight gain, high blood pressure, diabetes, muscle weakness, and thinning of the skin. On the other hand, adenomas producing aldosterone can cause excessive thirst, increased urination, and low levels of potassium in the blood.
Diagnosis of adrenal cortical adenomas often involves various medical tests, including blood and urine samples to assess hormone levels, as well as imaging studies like computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the adrenal glands. Treatment options for adrenal cortical adenomas may vary depending on the hormonal effects and symptoms. They can range from watchful waiting with regular monitoring to surgical removal of the tumor if it causes significant hormonal imbalance or shows signs of growth.
