Basque Homeland and Freedom, also known by its Basque acronym ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna), is a separatist and paramilitary organization founded in 1959 with the objective of creating an independent Basque homeland in northern Spain and southwestern France. ETA is primarily active in the Basque Country and Navarre regions, which have a distinct cultural and linguistic identity.
The group's ideology is rooted in a nationalist and socialist framework, seeking to address historical grievances, protect Basque identity, and combat what it perceives as political, social, and economic oppression by the Spanish and French states. ETA has historically employed both violent and non-violent tactics to achieve its objectives.
Violence has been a defining characteristic of ETA's history, with the organization responsible for numerous bombings, assassinations, and kidnappings. The group often targeted Spanish security forces, politicians, and infrastructure seen as symbols of the Spanish state's control over the Basque region. These actions resulted in a significant number of casualties and generated fear and instability throughout Spain. However, in recent years, ETA has declared a permanent cessation of armed activities, signaling a shift towards a non-violent political approach.
The organization remains a highly controversial and divisive entity, with some considering it a terrorist organization due to its violent history, while others view it as a national liberation movement fighting against perceived injustices. The Spanish and French governments, along with international allies, have been actively engaged in efforts to dismantle ETA and counter its activities.
