Central nervous system vascular malformations refer to a group of abnormal blood vessel formations that occur within the central nervous system (which includes the brain and spinal cord). These malformations involve the blood vessels in the brain or spinal cord being structured differently from the normal pattern, leading to abnormalities and potential complications.
There are several types of central nervous system vascular malformations, including arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), cavernous malformations (CMs), dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs), and capillary telangiectasias. Each type has distinct characteristics and different impacts on the affected individual.
In the case of AVMs, abnormal tangles of blood vessels are formed, which disrupt the normal blood flow and oxygen supply in the brain. CMs, on the other hand, are characterized by clusters of dilated blood vessels that are more prone to bleeding. DAVFs involve abnormal connections between the arteries and veins, resulting in abnormal blood flow and potential complications. Capillary telangiectasias are tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that can lead to hemorrhages or seizures.
Central nervous system vascular malformations can cause various symptoms, such as headaches, seizures, focal neurological deficits, and potentially life-threatening bleeding or stroke. Treatment options for these malformations may include surgical removal, embolization (blocking the blood flow through the abnormal vessels), radiosurgery (using focused radiation to reduce the size or eliminate the malformation), or conservative management for asymptomatic cases. The choice of treatment depends on the type, location, and severity of the malformation, as well as the overall health of the patient.
