The European adder, scientific name Vipera berus, is a venomous snake native to Europe. It belongs to the Viperidae family, characterized by their venomous fangs and pit organs located between their nostrils and eyes. The European adder is commonly referred to as the common adder, common viper, or the European viper.
The European adder has a distinct appearance, featuring a relatively short, thick body with a broad triangular head and elliptical pupils. Its skin exhibits various color variations, ranging from light gray or brown to reddish or almost black, with a distinct zigzag-pattern running along its back. This pattern helps camouflage the adder in its natural environments, such as meadows, woodland edges, open forests, or heaths.
As a venomous snake, the European adder possesses venom glands and hollow fangs, allowing it to inject venom into its prey or when threatened. However, the adder is generally non-aggressive and tends to avoid confrontations. Its venom, although capable of causing severe tissue damage and even fatalities in some cases, is primarily used to immobilize and digest its prey, typically consisting of small mammals, birds, or lizards.
The European adder is a viviparous snake, meaning it gives birth to live young rather than laying eggs. In spring, females give birth to a litter of 3 to 20 young adders, each measuring around 15-20 cm in length. The adders gradually grow and mature over time, with males typically reaching a length of 60-90 cm, while females can grow up to 55-75 cm.
Due to habitat loss, human persecution, and road accidents, the European adder population has faced decline in some regions. However, it remains
