Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a highly contagious and widespread avian coronavirus that primarily affects chickens and other domestic birds. It is a member of the genus Gammacoronavirus within the family Coronaviridae. The virus targets the respiratory system, particularly the bronchi and bronchioles, causing an acute respiratory disease known as infectious bronchitis.
IBV is transmitted through respiratory secretions, including droplets expelled when infected birds cough, sneeze, or breathe. Direct contact with contaminated faeces, feed, or water can also contribute to the spread of the virus. Furthermore, fomites such as equipment, shoes, and clothing can serve as potential carriers for transmitting IBV between different locations.
Once infected, birds may exhibit various symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, wheezing, nasal discharge, tracheal rattling, and labored breathing. In severe cases, mortality rates can be high, particularly among young birds or those with weak immune systems. Additionally, IBV can have a negative impact on egg production and quality, leading to economic losses for the poultry industry.
Control and prevention of infectious bronchitis primarily involve biosecurity measures, vaccination programs, and strict hygiene practices. Vaccines are available and are tailored to the specific strains prevalent in a particular region. However, due to the fast mutation rate of IBV, new strains can emerge, leading to challenges in vaccine efficacy and control efforts.
Overall, infectious bronchitis virus poses significant economic and welfare concerns for the poultry industry, requiring robust preventative measures and continuous monitoring to minimize its impact.
