Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is a medical condition characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway during sleep, resulting in interrupted breathing patterns and inadequate oxygen intake. Commonly referred to as sleep apnea, this disorder often goes undiagnosed as individuals may not always be aware of their own breathing difficulties during sleep.
The obstruction occurs when the soft tissues located in the back of the throat collapse, leading to a narrowing or complete closure of the airway. This blockage interrupts the normal flow of air, causing loud snoring, gasping, or choking sounds as the individual struggles to breathe. These episodes can last for several seconds to a few minutes, recurring frequently throughout the night, thereby disrupting the individual's sleep cycle.
As a consequence of the recurring interruptions to breathing during sleep, individuals with OSAS experience fragmented and poor-quality sleep, resulting in daytime symptoms such as excessive daytime sleepiness, impaired concentration, memory problems, and a lack of energy. Furthermore, the repeated oxygen deprivation that occurs during these apneic episodes can lead to more serious health problems including high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, and even an increased risk of accidents or injuries due to drowsiness.
Diagnosis of OSAS is typically made through observations of symptoms, a medical history review, and a sleep study conducted in a sleep laboratory. Once diagnosed, treatment options may include lifestyle modifications, such as weight loss and avoiding alcohol or sedatives, as well as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy or the use of dental devices to prevent airway collapse during sleep. Surgical interventions may be considered in more severe cases.
