Polyomaviruses are a group of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that are capable of infecting animals, including humans. The name "polyomavirus" derives from the Greek word "poly," meaning many, and the word "oma," meaning tumor, as the first polyomaviruses were discovered in mice and were associated with the development of multiple tumors.
Polyomaviruses possess a circular, double-stranded DNA genome, and they are characterized by their ability to cause persistent infections in their host. They are primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets, fecal-oral routes, or close contact with infected individuals. In humans, polyomaviruses have been implicated in several diseases, ranging from mild respiratory infections to potentially life-threatening conditions.
The human polyomaviruses, such as JC virus and BK virus, are known to establish latent infections in the majority of individuals during childhood. However, they generally remain asymptomatic and cause disease only in individuals with compromised immune systems, including those who have undergone organ transplantation, individuals with HIV/AIDS, or those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy.
In recent years, emerging polyomaviruses, such as the Merkel cell polyomavirus, have been associated with specific types of cancer. For example, Merkel cell polyomavirus has been implicated in the development of Merkel cell carcinoma, a rare and aggressive form of skin cancer.
Understanding the biology, transmission, and pathogenic potential of polyomaviruses is crucial in developing strategies for preventing and managing infections associated with these viruses. Ongoing research aims to elucidate their role in human disease and to explore potential therapeutic interventions to mitigate the health impacts they may pose.
