Pronunciation: [tˈuː bˈad] (IPA) 
The phrase "too bad" is often used to express sympathy or regret in regards to a negative situation. The spelling of "too" follows the basic rule of a double "o" for a long vowel sound, as in "food" or "moon." The pronunciation of "bad" is represented in IPA transcription as /bæd/, with a short "a" sound and the voiced consonant "d" at the end. Together, the phrase is pronounced /tu bæd/ with the stress on the first syllable.
"Too bad" is an idiomatic expression primarily used in informal speech to convey sympathy or disappointment towards an undesirable or unfortunate situation. The phrase is commonly employed to express commiseration or understanding when someone shares negative news or experiences setbacks. It typically implies a sense of regret, pity, or empathy.
The term "too bad" can also be used to suggest a missed opportunity or express disappointment regarding an outcome that has not met expectations. It can indicate a feeling of discontent or frustration with a perceived unfairness or unfavorable circumstance.
In some instances, "too bad" might be used sarcastically or dismissively to downplay the significance of someone else's misfortune as a means of intentionally undermining their feelings.
Furthermore, "too bad" is often utilized in response to a request or invitation as a means of conveying refusal or unavailability. In this context, it can imply that the situation or circumstance prevents the individual from complying with the request, expressing mild regret about being unable to fulfill the desired outcome.
Overall, "too bad" is a versatile phrase that can be utilized in various contexts to express sympathy, disappointment, missed opportunities, refusal, or even sarcasm, depending on the tone and intention of the speaker.
The phrase "too bad" has its etymology rooted in Middle English. The word "bad" comes from the Old English word "bæd" which meant "unpleasant" or "wretched". The word "too" is derived from Old English "tō", which means "in addition" or "more than is desirable". Over time, the combination of these words evolved to form the expression "too bad", which expresses a sense of regret or disappointment.
