Coronary artery vasospasms, also known as coronary artery spasm or variant angina, refer to sudden and recurring episodes of narrowing or tightening (vasospasms) of the coronary arteries, which are responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium). It is a type of ischemic heart disease characterized by temporary and transient spasms of the coronary arteries that can disrupt blood flow and lead to angina or chest pain.
During a spasm, the smooth muscles within the arterial walls contract, causing the blood vessels to constrict. This constriction can reduce or completely block the blood flow within the arteries, resulting in a limited supply of oxygen and vital nutrients to the heart muscle. The precise cause of coronary artery vasospasms is not fully understood, but various factors such as emotional stress, cigarette smoking, exposure to cold temperatures, certain medications, and illicit drug use (like cocaine) can trigger these spasms.
Symptoms of coronary artery vasospasms often resemble those of typical angina, including chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, and a feeling of pressure or tightness in the chest. Unlike other forms of angina, however, the pain associated with coronary artery vasospasms often occurs at rest and can happen at any time – even during sleep.
Diagnosing coronary artery vasospasms involves a thorough medical history review, physical examination, and additional tests like electrocardiograms (ECG/EKG), stress tests, and coronary angiography. Treatment typically involves a combination of lifestyle modifications, medications to prevent or relieve spasm attacks (such as calcium channel blockers and nitrates), and management of underlying risk factors to minimize the occurrence of vasospasms and subsequent damage to the heart. In severe
